Week 6

Week six was on 20^th February 2012. From 8:30 to 10:00 AM. In this class we continue our study about information Technology. Now, let's move onto the topic about ICT in government. 

ICT in government:ICT and Technology is a basic infrastructure necessary for economic and social development of a country.

This is even becoming stronger than ever as information related economic activities are growing.

Information and communications technology may be described as the support of the central nervous system of complex societies, transmitting and processing information and commands among the various parts of such societies.

The next one is ICT in communication. The Internet is used as public network for information and communication to the public and especially to potential customers.

Internet technology is used for an Extranet. This is a private network for the business communication with customers and suppliers. An Extranet is realised as a communication server within the company, which is accessible through the Internet for authorised users. The communication server offers the user access to information systems and employees within the company.Mainly in this week we learned the usage of ICT in different sector.

In this week we also learned about IS that means information system.

Information System:An information system and MIS (IS) - or application landscape- is any combination of information technology and people's activities that support operations, management and decision making. In a very broad sense, the term information system is frequently used to refer to the interaction between people, processes, data and technology. In this sense, the term is used to refer not only to the information and communication technology (ICT) that an organization uses, but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes.

This all about that I learned from that day class.Thank you very much to our lecturer for his good explanation about all the topic.

Week 5

Week five was on Monday 13^th February 2012. The class was from 8:30 to 10:00 AM. We skipped our week 4 sessions because we had a holiday on that week monday. Last week, I already mentioned about data, information, knowledge and problems regarding to information management system and so on. So, I got a little bit knowledge background about Information Technology. That's why, today, this week I Fill up my knowledge of ICT by learning about what is Information technology and it uses? I had a better knowledge about this topic because on that day in the class we had presentation about It Architecture and It infrastructure are interrelated.Me and my group mate also presented about this topic.

Now I would like to share my knowledge about IT that means Information Technology.

Information technology: Information Technology, or IT, is the study, design, creation, utilization, support, and management of computer-based information systems, especially software applications and computer hardware.

]There are two types of Information technology:

1.   Information technology architecture:Information Technology Architecture is the process of development of methodical information technology specifications, models and guidelines, using a variety of Information Technology notations, for example UML, within a coherent Information Technology architecture framework, following formal and informal Information Technology solution, enterprise, and infrastructure architecture processes. These processes have been developed in the past few decades in response to the requirement for a coherent, consistent approach to delivery of information technology capabilities. They have been developed by information technology product vendors and independent consultancies, based on real experiences in the information technology marketplace and collaboration amongst industry stakeholders, for example the Open Group. Best practice Information Technology architecture encourages the use of open technology standards and global technology interoperability.

1.   Information technology infrastructure: Information technology infrastructure is the integrated framework upon which digital networks operate. This infrastructure includes data centers, computers computer networks, Database Management devices, and a regulatory system.

2. information technology and on the Internet, infrastructure is the physical hardware used to interconnect computers and users. Infrastructure includes the transmission media, including telephone lines, cable television lines, and satellites and antennas, and also the router

3.  In some usages, infrastructure refers to interconnecting hardware and software and not to computers and other devices that are interconnected. However, to some information technology users, infrastructure is viewed as everything that supports the flow and processing of information.The global, Web-based platform that has recently emerged spans the world and is best represented by the Internet functionality.The platform enables individuals to connect, compute and communicate. We are in a convergence of three powerful, technological forces:

(1) Cheap and ubiquitous computing devices (2) Low-cost, high bandwidth (3) Open standards.

we have computing everywhere and anywhere, anytime and all the time, with access to limitless amounts of information, services, and entertainment.

Next topic is about  IT & ICT. This is very interesting topic and the main topic for this semester. The exact meaning of Information and communications technology (ICT) is concerned with the use of technology in managing and processing information. It is used to store a large amount of information along with rapid distribution of information through communication network. ICT management is a part of ICT, mainly included in important role. There are 3 types of management under ICT management known as ICT resource management, ICT service management and ICT Governance. They have their own responsibilities and roles to perform the different tasks. Nowadays, ICT is widely used in our daily life such as in the field of education, banking, healthcare, business and many others society.

Week 3 ( Data, information, the economics and problems associated with information management)

Firstly Thanks to Allah because I successfully passed my 1st semester of Foundation Studies Program. I also want to thanks to my favarauite lecturer, Mr. Azzamudin...I got B for ICT in 1st semester but I will try my hard level best to get A in this semester. My ICT lecturer teaching method is very good and understandable. Now, I am in my 2nd semester, same class,  same lecturer and also with same group but different class time. Our class is in every Monday but for three hours. My first ICT class was on week three. It was on 30^th January 8:30 to 11:30. Our first ICT class held on third week because last two weeks were holiday. This week is week 3, but I am just starting to touch with Information Technology. The interesting topics for this week are about the differences between data and information then economics and problems associated with information management. On that day we are required to fill in the personal detail about our friend. The personal details were about whether we had account on some web sites such as: yahoo, Facebook, twitter etc.

Now I would like to explain what things and topic I learned from that class. In this class our lecturer explain us about Explain the difference between data and information, the economics and problems associated with information management.

First we learn about Data,

Data: Data is a collection of facts, such as values or measurements.

It can be numbers, words, measurements, observations or even just descriptions of things.

Information:  information is data that has been given meaning by way of relational connection. This "meaning" can be useful, but does not have to be. In computer parlance, a relational database makes information from the data stored within it. Data is used as input for processing and information is output of this processing.

Data integrity: The accuracy and consistency of stored data, indicated by an absence of any alteration in data between two updates of a data record. Data integrity is imposed within a data base at its design stage through the use of standard rules and procedures, and is maintained through the use of error checking and validation routines.

The qualities of valuable information are:

Accurate, Verifiable, Timely, Organized, Accessible Useful Cost-effective.

So, now let's move onto another topic of economy and problems associated with information management. In today’s economy, information technology (IT) has fundamentally transformed information availability, changing the economics and business practices in a wide range of industries. Information can be a capital resource, especially for companies that produce information-based products and services. Information management is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences. There are some problems regarding to information management system such as poor quality information, direct competition, little integration and so on.  In final consideration, Information technology is really connecting with our day life.These all are my understanding and revision about what I learnt for this week session.Thank you very much !!!!!!!

week Ten session: 3 Reflection

In this week last session we learn about

Instant Messaging (IM) is a form of real-time direct text-based chatting communication in push mode between two or more people using personal computers or other devices, along with shared clients. The user's text is conveyed over a network, such as the Internet. More advanced instant messaging software clients also allow enhanced modes of communication, such as live voice or video calling and inclusion of links to media. Instant messaging (IM) falls under the umbrella term online chat, since it is also text-based, bi-directionally exchanged, and happens in real-time. IM is distinct from chat in that IM is based on clients that facilitate connections between specified known users (often using a contact list, buddy list, or friend list). Online 'chat' includes web-based applications that allow communication between (often directly addressed, but anonymous) users in a multi-user environment.

Skype: Skype ( /ˈskaɪp/) is a proprietary voice over Internet Protocol service and software application originally created by Niklas Zennström and Janus Friis, and owned by Microsoft since 2011.

The service allows users to communicate with peers by voice, video, and instant messaging over the Internet. Phone calls may be placed to recipients on the traditional telephone networks. Calls to other users within the Skype service are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones and mobile phones are charged via a debit-based user account system. Skype has also become popular for its additional features, including file transfer, and videoconferencing. Competitors include SIP and H.323-based services, such as Empathy, Linphone, Ekiga  as well as the Google Talk service.

Skype has 663 million registered users as of September 2011. The network is operated by Microsoft, which has its Skype division headquarters in Luxembourg. Most of the development team and 44% of the overall employees of the division are situated in the offices of Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia.

Unlike other VoIP services, Skype is a peer-to-peer system rather than a client–server system, and makes use of background processing on computers running Skype software; the original name proposed – Sky peer-to-peer – reflects this.

Some network administrators have banned Skype on corporate, government, home, and education networks, citing reasons such as inappropriate usage of resources, excessive bandwidth usage,and security concerns.

VRVS: Originally developed at CERN and now maintained by Caltech , the Virtual Room Videoconferencing System (VRVS) is a free, Web-based videoconferencing system that provides high-quality video and audio plus text chat to a large number of simultaneous users. Originally developed for the high energy and nuclear physics communities, VRVS has extended its service to other academic and research areas.

The VRVS system is made up of several communities, each of is composed of a list of Virtual Rooms.

Rooms must be reserved in advance using the integrated booking system that also provides world time conversion and e-mail notification to selected participants.

Users can select any one of four ways to participate in a meeting:

via the user's H.323 external box

via the user's H.323 software client

via the VIC/RAT/VAT software provided by VRVS

via the QuickTime Player.

VRVS can as be used as Personal Access Grid Node.

VRVS works under Windows, Macintosh, Linux, Solaris and Irix operating systems.

week Ten session: 2 Reflection

IN week ten sessions 2 we learn about the internet as a medium of communication.

EMAIL:

Electronic mail, commonly known as email or e-mail, is a method of exchanging digital messages from an author to one or more recipients. Modern email operates across the Internet or other computer networks. Some early email systems required that the author and the recipient both be online at the same time, in common with instant messaging. Today's email systems are based on a store-and-forward model. Email servers accept, forward, deliver and store messages. Neither the users nor their computers are required to be online simultaneously; they need connect only briefly, typically to an email server, for as long as it takes to send or receive messages.

An email message consists of three components, the message envelope, the message header, and the message body. The message header contains control information, including, minimally, an originator's email address and one or more recipient addresses. Usually descriptive information is also added, such as a subject header field and a message submission date/time stamp.

Originally a text-only (7-bit ASCII and others) communications medium, email was extended to carry multi-media content attachments, a process standardized in RFC 2045 through 2049. Collectively, these RFCs have come to be called Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME).

Electronic mail predates the inception of the Internet, and was in fact a crucial tool in creating it,[2] but the history of modern, global Internet email services reaches back to the early ARPANET. Standards for encoding email messages were proposed as early as 1973 (RFC 561). Conversion from ARPANET to the Internet in the early 1980s produced the core of the current services. An email sent in the early 1970s looks quite similar to a basic text message sent on the Internet today.

Network-based email was initially exchanged on the ARPANET in extensions to the File Transfer Protocol (FTP), but is now carried by the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), first published as Internet standard 10 (RFC 821) in 1982. In the process of transporting email messages between systems, SMTP communicates delivery parameters using a message envelope separate from the message (header and body) itself.

TELNET: Telnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or local area networks to provide a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communications facility using a virtual terminal connection. User data is interspersed in-band with Telnet control information in an 8-bit byte oriented data connection over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

Telnet was developed in 1969 beginning with RFC 15, extended in RFC 854, and standardized as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Internet Standard STD 8, one of the first Internet standards.

Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface (usually, of an operating system) on a remote host. Most network equipment and operating systems with a TCP/IP stack support a Telnet service for remote configuration (including systems based on Windows NT). Because of security issues with Telnet, its use for this purpose has waned in favor of SSH.

The term telnet may also refer to the software that implements the client part of the protocol. Telnet client applications are available for virtually all computer platforms. Telnet is also used as a verb. To telnet means to establish a connection with the Telnet protocol, either with command line client or with a programmatic interface. For example, a common directive might be: "To change your password, telnet to the server, login and run the passwd command." Most often, a user will be telnetting to a Unix-like server system or a network device (such as a router) and obtain a login prompt to a command line text interface or a character-based full-screen manager.

FTP: File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard network protocol used to transfer files from one host to another host over a TCP-based network, such as the Internet. FTP is built on a client-server architecture and utilizes separate control and data connections between the client and server. FTP users may authenticate themselves using a clear-text sign-in protocol but can connect anonymously if the server is configured to allow it.

The first FTP client applications were interactive command-line tools, implementing standard commands and syntax. Graphical user interface clients have since been developed for many of the popular desktop operating systems in use today.

week Ten session: 1 Reflection

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.[2] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.

Although browsers are primarily intended to access the World Wide Web, they can also be used to access information provided by web servers in private networks or files in file systems.

The major web browsers are Internet Explorer, Firefox, Google Chrome, Safari, and Opera.


   
I mainly learn in this lesson is how internet application support us need in finding information that we are searching throw this internet in different browser.

Week nine, session:3 Reflextion

IN this week last session we only learn about the safety issues that related with internet and also how to use and access the internet safely.

 Internet safety or online safety is the security of people and their information when using the Internet. Numerous groups, Internet sites and governments have expressed concerns over the safety of children using the Internet. In the UK the Get Safe Online campaign has received sponsorship from government agency SOCA and major Internet companies such as Microsoft and eBay. Several crimes can be committed on the Internet such as stalking, identity theft and more. Most social networking and chat sites have a page about safety.

Internet Safety Basics:

1.   Be Courteous.

2. Disconnect Yourself.

3.  Back-up Data.

4.  Update Regularly.

5.  Use Firewalls.

6. Protect Your Kids.

7.  Don't Give Out Personal Information.

8. Prevent Computer Infections.

PHISHING: Phishing is a way of attempting to acquire information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication. Communications purporting to be from popular social web sites, auction sites, online payment processors or IT administrators are commonly used to lure the unsuspecting public. Phishing is typically carried out by e-mail spoofing or instant messaging,[1] and it often directs users to enter details at a fake website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. Phishing is an example of social engineering techniques used to deceive users,[2] and exploits the poor usability of current web security technologies.[3] Attempts to deal with the growing number of reported phishing incidents include legislation, user training, public awareness, and technical security measures.

A phishing technique was described in detail in 1987, and the first recorded use of the term "phishing" was made in 1996. The term is a variant of fishing,[4] probably influenced by phreaking,[5] [6] and alludes to "baits" used in hopes that the potential victim will "bite" by clicking a malicious link or opening a malicious attachment, in which case their financial information and passwords may then be stolen.

SPOOFING: Spoofing is the creation of TCP/IP packets using somebody else's IP address. Routers use the "destination IP" address in order to forward packets through the Internet, but ignore the "source IP" address. That address is only used by the destination machine when it responds back to the source.

A common misconception is that "IP spoofing" can be used to hide your IP address while surfing the Internet, chatting on-line, sending e-mail, and so forth. This is generally not true. Forging the source IP address causes the responses to be misdirected, meaning you cannot create a normal network connection.

However, IP spoofing is an integral part of many network attacks that do not need to see responses (blind spoofing).

Examples of spoofing:

man-in-the-middle

packet sniffs on link between the two end points, and can therefore pretend to be one end of the connection

routing redirect

redirects routing information from the original host to the hacker's host (this is another form of man-in-the-middle attack).

source routing

redirects indvidual packets by hackers host

blind spoofing

predicts responses from a host, allowing commands to be sent, but can't get immediate feedback.

flooding

SYN flood fills up receive queue from random source addresses; smurf/fraggle spoofs victims address, causing everyong respond to the victim.