Third Week Session:1 Reflextion !!!!!!!!

Today I am going to write down about Third week session :1 .Reflextion.This week we learn about Software Layers: Opareting system,Drivers,system software,Application programs.

Software: Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. (The term hardware describes the physical aspects of computers and related devices.Software can be thought of as the variable part of a computer and hardware the invariable part. Software is often divided into application software (programs that do work users are directly interested in) and system software (which includes operating systems and any program that supports application software). The term middleware is sometimes used to describe programming that mediates between application and system software or between two different kinds of application software (for example, sending a remote work request from an application in a computer that has one kind of operating system to an application in a computer with a different operating system).

                                               

There are three types of software:

1)    System software

2)  Application software

3)   Programme software

The compiter works when this software give him instruction what to do. Before do any job the computer store that work in his memory. After storing that work the computer can start  that work by following instruction one by one.

Software Layers:

A systems software can be partitioned using the concept of software layers.

Software layers are where each ‘layer’ of a system deals with a certain function of a system which, usually, gets more and more detailed as you burrow down into the layer stack.

Now I am going to write down about application programme,opareting system,device drivers,system software.

Application program: An application program (sometimes shortened to application) is any program designed to perform a specific function directly for the user or, in some cases, for another application program. Examples of application programs include word processors; database programs; Web browsers; development tools; drawing, paint, and image editing programs; and communication programs. Application programs use the services of the computer's operating system and other supporting programs. The formal requests for services and means of communicating with other programs that a programmer uses in writing an application program is called the application program interface (API).

Oparating system: An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that manage computer hardware resources and provide common services for application software. The operating system is the most important type of system software in a computer system. A user cannot run an application program on the computer without an operating system, unless the application program is self booting.

Time-sharing operating systems schedule tasks for efficient use of the system and may also include accounting for cost allocation of processor time, mass storage, printing, and other resources.

For hardware functions such as input and output and memory allocation, the operating system acts as an intermediary between application programs and the computer hardware,[1][2] although the application code is usually executed directly by the hardware and will frequently call the OS or be interrupted by it. Operating systems are found on almost any device that contains a computer—from cellular phones and video game consoles to supercomputers and web servers.

Device  Drivers: This have very low level instruction that means it alawayz perform low level instruction to a device like printer etc.its communication directly works.It has also direct access hardware resources.

System software: System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide a platform for running application software.[1][2]

The most basic types of system software are:

The computer BIOS and device firmware, provides basic functionality to operate and control the hardware connected to or built into the computer.

The operating system (prominent examples being Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X and Linux), which allows the parts of a computer to work together by performing tasks like transferring data between memory and disks or rendering output onto a display device. It also provides a platform to run high-level system software and application software.

Utility software, which helps to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer.

In some publications, the term system software is also used to designate software development tools (like a compiler, linker or debugger).[3]

In contrast to system software, software that allows users to do things like create text documents, play games, listen to music, or surf the web is called application software.

There are two types of system software:

1)    Operating system

2)  Utility program

Operating system also have three kinds:

1)    Stand alone OS- Dos windows,Mac Os etc

2)  Server OS- Windows Nt, UNIX etc

3)  Embeded OS- Windows CE,PLAM OS.

Opareting system functions:

Utility programme: A program that performs a specific task related to the management of computer functions, resources, or files, as password protection, memory management, virus protection, and file compression. In computing, a systems program designed to perform a specific task related to the operation of the computer when requested to do so by the computer user. For example, a utility program might be used to complete a screen dump, format a disk, or convert the format of a data file so that it can be accessed by a different applications program.

Second Week_ Session: 2 Reflextion !!!!!!!!!!!

Today I am going to write down about the reflection about week 2 session:2. In this session two we learn about:

Computer hardware basics such as storage device, I/O devices & other peripheral devices.

IInput is the term denoting either an entrance or changes which are inserted into a system and which activate/modify a process. It is an abstract concept, used in themodeling, system(s) design and system(s) exploitation. It is usually connected with other terms, e.g., input field, input variable, input parameter, input value, input signal, input port, input device and input file (file format)input devices.

Ther are so many input devices they are:

 Input Devices:

a)      Graphics Tablets

b)      Cameras

c)      Video Capture Hardware

d)     Trackballs

e)      Barcode reader

f)       Digital camera

g)      Gamepad

h)      Joystick

i)        Keyboard

j)        Microphone

k)      MIDI keyboard

l)        Mouse (pointing device)

m)    Scanner

n)      Webcam

o)      Touchpads

p)      Pen Input

q)      Microphone

r)       Electronic Whiteboard

Some of the input devices we learn about in our session is like :keyboared, pointing devices,game controllers,digital cameras,voice input,video input etc.

We also learn about different kind of scanner and reading devices.

Optical scanner: A device that can read text or illustrations printed on paper and translate the information into a form the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image -- dividing it into a grid of boxes and representing each box with either a zero or a one, depending on whether the box is filled in. (For color and gray scaling, the same principle applies, but each box is then represented by up to 24 bits.) The resulting matrix of bits, called a bit map, can then be stored in afile, displayed on a screen, and manipulated by programs.Optical scanners do not distinguish text from illustrations; they represent all images as bit maps. Therefore, you cannot directly edit text that has been scanned. To edit text read by an optical scanner, you need an optical character recognition (OCR ) system to translate the image into ASCII characters. Most optical scanners sold today come with OCR packages.

Some of the name of popular scanners:

1Flatbed Scanners.there are tree types of  flatbed scanners such as:

1.  Entry-level flatbed scanners.

2.  Mid-level flatbed scanners.

3.  High-end flatbed scanners.

And the other popular scanner are :

1. High-end flatbed scanners.

2.  Video Digitizers.

3.   Miscellaneous.

4.  PhotoCD

Optical reader: An optical reader is a device found within most computer scanners that captures visual information and translates the image into digital information the computer is capable of understanding and displaying.

An example of optical readers are marksense systems for elections where voters mark their choice by filling a rectangle, circle or oval, or by completing an arrow. After the voting a tabulating device reads the votes using "dark mark logic", whereby the computer selects the darkest mark within a given set as the correct choice or vote.

Marksense is also used extensively in such areas as lotteries and multiple choice tests.

Now I am going to tell you about Output device.

Output device: An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such as a computer) to the outside world.

In computing, input/output, or I/O, refers to the communication between an information processing system (such as a computer), and the outside world. Inputs are the signals or data sent to the system, and outputs are the signals or data sent by the system to the outside.

Examples of output devices:

Speakers

Headphones

Screen (Monitor)

Printer.

 In this lesson we also learn about Printers. Printer is also one kind of output device.

Pinters: In computing, a printer is a peripheral which produces a text and/or graphics of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable or, in most new printers, a USB cable to a computer which serves as a document source. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces, typically wireless and/or Ethernet based, and can serve as a hard copy device for any user on the network. Individual printers are often designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time. In addition, a few modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras and/or scanners; some printers are combined with scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit, and can function as photocopiers. Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called multifunction printers (MFP), multi-function devices (MFD), or all-in-one (AIO) printers. Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying among their many features.

There are two types of printer like: impact/ non-impact printer.

Other output device are: Audio output device,data projector,force feedback.

 Storage: storage holds data,instructions and information for future use.

A storage device is a hardware device capable of storing information. There are two storage devices used in computers; a primary storage device such as computer RAMand a secondary storage device such as a computer hard disk drive. In the picture to the right, is an example of a Drobo, an external secondary storage device.

Different types of storge such as: tape,tape drive.etc

Second Week Reflextion !!!!!!!!!!!

Today I am going to write down about my second week reflection, in second week we learn about the computer history, computer architecture,size,processing power,& types of computers.

The history of computer: Many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention.

This series covers many of the major milestones in computer history (but not all of them) with a concentration on the history of personal home computers.

There are different kinds of computer. First I want to mention about the

Pre computers/early computers:Those computer was made before 1940s they are known as pre or early computers.

First generation computer: Those computers are made in the 1940- 1950 they are knows as first generation computer.This computers had electron emitting devices.this computers also have machine language etc.

Second generation computer: The computers from 1950 to 1964 are called second generation computer, this computers have first operating system, on-off switches etc.

Third generation computer(1964-1974):Third generation computer had microprocessor chips, semiconductor memory, multiple computer models.

Fourth generation computer (1974-present): This computers have VLSI or ULSI.

Fifth generation computer: Those computer are using now and will be using in future is known as fifth generation computer.

Then we learn about computer architecture; computer architecture is a field of study of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that satisfy performance. It has processor, memory, input-output & Alu. We also learn about the types of computer, there are six types of computer;

      Embedded computer, mobile computer, personal computer, midrange computer, mainframe computer, & supercomputers. 

In session two we learn about computer hardware basics,mother board, CPU,main memory.

Computer hardware means those things we can see, we can touch etc.

 Motherboard is one of the most important features of the computer and different types of circuits can be found in the motherboard.

Processor:The processor is the most important part of the computer.

Memory:In computing, memory refers to the physical devices used to store programs (sequences of instructions) or data (e.g. program state information) on a temporary or permanent basis for use in a computer or other digital electronic device. 

There are two types of memory Ram & Rom.

First Week Reflextion !!!!!!!!!!

In the first week we learned about the basic things of computer.

A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.The computer always perform the  basic operations like;

Input,Output,processing,storage etc.We also learn about information about processing Cycle, Computer components.

So the summary of the first week was A computer is a programmable machine. It allows the user to store all sorts of

information and then ‘process’ that information, or data, or carry out actions with the information such as calculating numbers or organising words.

We also learn about the number systemThe term computer numbering formats refers to the schemes implemented in digital computer and calculater hardware and software.Some of the numbersystem are Decimal,Hexadecimal,Binary &Octal.

First Week Refixtion !!!!!!!

In the first week we learned about the basic things of computer.

A computer is a device that accepts information (in the form of digitalized data) and manipulates it for some result based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed.The computer always perform the  basic operations like;

Input,Output,processing,storage etc.We also learn about information about processing Cycle, Computer components.

So the summary of the first week was A computer is a programmable machine. It allows the user to store all sorts of

information and then ‘process’ that information, or data, or carry out actions with the information such as calculating numbers or organising words.

We also learn about the number systemThe term computer numbering formats refers to the schemes implemented in digital computer and calculater hardware and software.Some of the numbersystem are Decimal,Hexadecimal,Binary &Octal.

Welcome Friend to my new blog !!!!!!

Hy friend’s!!!!!!!! hw r you all…..Today I am going to write down my new blog.This is my first time that I am writing a blog. First I am going to introduce myself.than I will explain the other thingses.

My name is Nowshin Tabashum Promi.I am 19 years old. Now I am studying Foundation studies in Albukhary international University That is situated in Malaysia.I got a full-free scholarship to study in this beautifull University. I came from the beautifull country called Bagladesh….Its a greeny country.As I told you first that I am studying foundation and in foundation one of my subject is ICT (Introduction to computers and the internet).

Now I am going to write down about my reflections, my thoughts and the last but not the list what did I learned from this subject in last two weeks.